# Persisting RDB Store Data


## When to Use

A relational database (RDB) store is used to store data in complex relational models, such as the student information including names, student IDs, and scores of each subject, or employee information including names, employee IDs, and positions, based on SQLite. The data is more complex than key-value (KV) pairs due to strict mappings. You can use **RelationalStore** to implement persistence of this type of data.


## Basic Concepts

- **Predicates**: a representation of the property or feature of a data entity, or the relationship between data entities. It is used to define operation conditions.

- **ResultSet**: a set of query results, which allows access to the required data in flexible modes.


## Working Principles

**RelationalStore** provides APIs for applications to perform data operations. With SQLite as the underlying persistent storage engine, **RelationalStore** provides SQLite database features, including transactions, indexes, views, triggers, foreign keys, parameterized queries, prepared SQL statements, and more.

**Figure 1** Working mechanism

![relationStore_local](figures/relationStore_local.jpg)


## Constraints

- The default logging mode is Write Ahead Log (WAL), and the default flushing mode is **FULL** mode.

- The RDB store supports a maximum of four read connections and one write connection. A thread performs the read operation when acquiring a read connection. When there is no read connection available but the write connection is idle, the write connection can be used to perform the read operation.

- To ensure data accuracy, only one write operation is allowed at a time.

- Once an application is uninstalled, related database files and temporary files on the device are automatically deleted.

- ArkTS supports the following basic data types: number, string, binary data, and boolean.

- The maximum size of a data record is 2 MB. If a data record exceeds 2 MB, it can be inserted successfully but cannot be read.

## Available APIs

The following table lists the APIs used for RDB data persistence. Most of the APIs are executed asynchronously, using a callback or promise to return the result. The following table uses the callback-based APIs as an example. For more information about the APIs, see [RDB Store](../reference/apis-arkdata/js-apis-data-relationalStore.md).

| API| Description|
| -------- | -------- |
| getRdbStore(context: Context, config: StoreConfig, callback: AsyncCallback<RdbStore>): void | Obtains an **RdbStore** instance to implement RDB store operations. You can set **RdbStore** parameters based on actual requirements and use **RdbStore** APIs to perform data operations.|
| executeSql(sql: string, bindArgs: Array<ValueType>, callback: AsyncCallback<void>):void | Executes an SQL statement that contains specified arguments but returns no value.|
| insert(table: string, values: ValuesBucket, callback: AsyncCallback<number>):void | Inserts a row of data into a table.|
| update(values: ValuesBucket, predicates: RdbPredicates, callback: AsyncCallback<number>):void | Updates data in the RDB store based on the specified **predicates** instance.|
| delete(predicates: RdbPredicates, callback: AsyncCallback<number>):void | Deletes data from the RDB store based on the specified **predicates** instance.|
| query(predicates: RdbPredicates, columns: Array<string>, callback: AsyncCallback<ResultSet>):void | Queries data in the RDB store based on specified conditions.|
| deleteRdbStore(context: Context, name: string, callback: AsyncCallback<void>): void | Deletes an RDB store.|


## How to Develop
Unless otherwise specified, the sample code without "stage model" or "FA model" applies to both models.

If error code 14800011 is reported, the RDB store is corrupted and needs to be rebuilt. For details, see [Rebuilding an RDB Store](data-backup-and-restore.md#rebuilding-an-rdb-store).

1. Obtain an **RdbStore** instance, which includes operations of creating an RDB store and tables, and upgrading or downgrading the RDB store. <br>Example:

   Stage model:
   
   ```ts
   import { relationalStore} from '@kit.ArkData'; // Import the relationalStore module.
   import { UIAbility } from '@kit.AbilityKit';
   import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';
   import { window } from '@kit.ArkUI';

   // In this example, Ability is used to obtain an RdbStore instance. You can use other implementations as required.
   class EntryAbility extends UIAbility {
     onWindowStageCreate(windowStage: window.WindowStage) {
       const STORE_CONFIG :relationalStore.StoreConfig= {
         name: 'RdbTest.db', // Database file name.
         securityLevel: relationalStore.SecurityLevel.S3, // Database security level.
         encrypt: false, // Whether to encrypt the database. This parameter is optional. By default, the database is not encrypted.
         customDir: 'customDir/subCustomDir' // (Optional) Customized database path. The database is created in the context.databaseDir + '/rdb/' + customDir directory, where context.databaseDir indicates the application sandbox path, '/rdb/' indicates a relational database, and customDir indicates the customized path. If this parameter is not specified, an RdbStore instance is created in the sandbox directory of the application.
         isReadOnly: false // (Optional) Specify whether the RDB store is opened in read-only mode. The default value is false, which means the RDB store is readable and writable. If this parameter is true, data can only be read from the RDB store. If write operation is performed, error code 801 is returned.
       };

       // Check the RDB store version. If the version is incorrect, upgrade or downgrade the RDB store.
       // For example, the RDB store version is 3 and the table structure is EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES, IDENTITY).
       const SQL_CREATE_TABLE = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS EMPLOYEE (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, AGE INTEGER, SALARY REAL, CODES BLOB, IDENTITY UNLIMITED INT)'; // SQL statement used to create a table. In the statement, the IDENTITY type bigint should be UNLIMITED INT.

       relationalStore.getRdbStore(this.context, STORE_CONFIG, (err, store) => {
         if (err) {
           console.error(`Failed to get RdbStore. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
           return;
         }
         console.info('Succeeded in getting RdbStore.');

         // When the RDB store is created, the default version is 0.
         if (store.version === 0) {
           store.executeSql(SQL_CREATE_TABLE); // Create a data table.
           // Set the RDB store version, which must be an integer greater than 0.
           store.version = 3;
         }

         // If the RDB store version is not 0 and does not match the current version, upgrade or downgrade the RDB store.
         // For example, upgrade the RDB store from version 1 to version 2.
         if (store.version === 1) {
           // Upgrade the RDB store from version 1 to version 2, and change the table structure from EMPLOYEE (NAME, SALARY, CODES, ADDRESS) to EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES, ADDRESS).
           (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).executeSql('ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD COLUMN AGE INTEGER');
           store.version = 2;
         }

         // For example, upgrade the RDB store from version 2 to version 3.
         if (store.version === 2) {
           // Upgrade the RDB store from version 2 to version 3, and change the table structure from EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES, ADDRESS) to EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES).
           (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).executeSql('ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP COLUMN ADDRESS TEXT');
           store.version = 3;
         }
       });

       // Before performing data operations on the database, obtain an RdbStore instance.
     }
   }
   ```

   FA model:

   ```ts
   import { relationalStore} from '@kit.ArkData'; // Import the relationalStore module.
   import { featureAbility } from '@kit.AbilityKit';
   import { BusinessError } from '@kit.BasicServicesKit';
   
   let context = featureAbility.getContext();

   const STORE_CONFIG :relationalStore.StoreConfig = {
     name: 'RdbTest.db', // Database file name.
     securityLevel: relationalStore.SecurityLevel.S3 // Database security level.
   };

   // For example, the RDB store version is 3 and the table structure is EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES, IDENTITY).
   const SQL_CREATE_TABLE = 'CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS EMPLOYEE (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, NAME TEXT NOT NULL, AGE INTEGER, SALARY REAL, CODES BLOB, IDENTITY UNLIMITED INT)'; // SQL statement used to create a table. In the statement, the IDENTITY type bigint should be UNLIMITED INT.

   relationalStore.getRdbStore(context, STORE_CONFIG, (err, store) => {
     if (err) {
       console.error(`Failed to get RdbStore. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
       return;
     }
     console.info('Succeeded in getting RdbStore.');

     // When the RDB store is created, the default version is 0.
     if (store.version === 0) {
       store.executeSql(SQL_CREATE_TABLE); // Create a data table.
       // Set the RDB store version, which must be an integer greater than 0.
       store.version = 3;
     }

     // If the RDB store version is not 0 and does not match the current version, upgrade or downgrade the RDB store.
     // For example, upgrade the RDB store from version 1 to version 2.
     if (store.version === 1) {
       // Upgrade the RDB store from version 1 to version 2, and change the table structure from EMPLOYEE (NAME, SALARY, CODES, ADDRESS) to EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES, ADDRESS).
       store.executeSql('ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD COLUMN AGE INTEGER');
       store.version = 2;
     }

     // For example, upgrade the RDB store from version 2 to version 3.
     if (store.version === 2) {
       // Upgrade the RDB store from version 2 to version 3, and change the table structure from EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES, ADDRESS) to EMPLOYEE (NAME, AGE, SALARY, CODES).
       store.executeSql('ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE DROP COLUMN ADDRESS TEXT');
       store.version = 3;
     }
   });

   // Before performing data operations on the database, obtain an RdbStore instance.
   ```

   > **NOTE**
   >
   > - The RDB store created by an application varies with the context. Multiple RDB stores are created for the same database name with different application contexts. For example, each UIAbility has its own context.
   > 
   > - When an application calls **getRdbStore()** to obtain an RDB store instance for the first time, the corresponding database file is generated in the application sandbox. When the RDB store is used, temporary files ended with **-wal** and **-shm** may be generated in the same directory as the database file. If you want to move the database files to other places, you must also move these temporary files. After the application is uninstalled, the database files and temporary files generated on the device are also removed.
   > 
   > - For details about the error codes, see [Universal Error Codes](../reference/errorcode-universal.md) and [RDB Store Error Codes](../reference/apis-arkdata/errorcode-data-rdb.md).

2. Use **insert()** to insert data to the RDB store. <br>Example:
   
   ```ts
   let store: relationalStore.RdbStore | undefined = undefined;

   let value1 = 'Lisa';
   let value2 = 18;
   let value3 = 100.5;
   let value4 = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
   let value5 = BigInt('15822401018187971961171');
   // You can use either of the following:
   const valueBucket1: relationalStore.ValuesBucket = {
     'NAME': value1,
     'AGE': value2,
     'SALARY': value3,
     'CODES': value4,
     'IDENTITY': value5,
   };
   const valueBucket2: relationalStore.ValuesBucket = {
     NAME: value1,
     AGE: value2,
     SALARY: value3,
     CODES: value4,
     IDENTITY: value5,
   };
   const valueBucket3: relationalStore.ValuesBucket = {
     "NAME": value1,
     "AGE": value2,
     "SALARY": value3,
     "CODES": value4,
     "IDENTITY": value5,
   };

   if (store !== undefined) {
     (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).insert('EMPLOYEE', valueBucket1, (err: BusinessError, rowId: number) => {
       if (err) {
         console.error(`Failed to insert data. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
         return;
       }
       console.info(`Succeeded in inserting data. rowId:${rowId}`);
     })
   }
   ```

   > **NOTE**
   >
   > **RelationalStore** does not provide explicit flush operations for data persistence. The **insert()** method stores data persistently.

3. Modify or delete data based on the specified **Predicates** instance.

   Use **update()** to modify data and **delete()** to delete data. <br>Example:

   ```ts
   let value6 = 'Rose';
   let value7 = 22;
   let value8 = 200.5;
   let value9 = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
   let value10 = BigInt('15822401018187971967863');
   // You can use either of the following:
   const valueBucket4: relationalStore.ValuesBucket = {
     'NAME': value6,
     'AGE': value7,
     'SALARY': value8,
     'CODES': value9,
     'IDENTITY': value10,
   };
   const valueBucket5: relationalStore.ValuesBucket = {
     NAME: value6,
     AGE: value7,
     SALARY: value8,
     CODES: value9,
     IDENTITY: value10,
   };
   const valueBucket6: relationalStore.ValuesBucket = {
     "NAME": value6,
     "AGE": value7,
     "SALARY": value8,
     "CODES": value9,
     "IDENTITY": value10,
   };

   // Modify data.
   let predicates1 = new relationalStore.RdbPredicates('EMPLOYEE'); // Create predicates for the table named EMPLOYEE.
   predicates1.equalTo('NAME', 'Lisa'); // Modify the data of Lisa in the EMPLOYEE table to the specified data.
   if (store !== undefined) {
     (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).update(valueBucket4, predicates1, (err: BusinessError, rows: number) => {
       if (err) {
         console.error(`Failed to update data. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
        return;
      }
      console.info(`Succeeded in updating data. row count: ${rows}`);
     })
   }

   // Delete data.
   predicates1 = new relationalStore.RdbPredicates('EMPLOYEE');
   predicates1.equalTo('NAME', 'Lisa');
   if (store !== undefined) {
     (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).delete(predicates1, (err: BusinessError, rows: number) => {
       if (err) {
         console.error(`Failed to delete data. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
         return;
       }
       console.info(`Delete rows: ${rows}`);
     })
   }
   ```

4. Query data based on the conditions specified by **Predicates**.

   Use **query()** to query data. The data obtained is returned in a **ResultSet** object. <br>Example:

   ```ts
   let predicates2 = new relationalStore.RdbPredicates('EMPLOYEE');
   predicates2.equalTo('NAME', 'Rose');
   if (store !== undefined) {
     (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).query(predicates2, ['ID', 'NAME', 'AGE', 'SALARY', 'IDENTITY'], (err: BusinessError, resultSet) => {
       if (err) {
         console.error(`Failed to query data. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
         return;
       }
       console.info(`ResultSet column names: ${resultSet.columnNames}, column count: ${resultSet.columnCount}`);
       // resultSet is a cursor of a data set. By default, the cursor points to the -1st record. Valid data starts from 0.
       while (resultSet.goToNextRow()) {
         const id = resultSet.getLong(resultSet.getColumnIndex('ID'));
         const name = resultSet.getString(resultSet.getColumnIndex('NAME'));
         const age = resultSet.getLong(resultSet.getColumnIndex('AGE'));
         const salary = resultSet.getDouble(resultSet.getColumnIndex('SALARY'));
         const identity = resultSet.getValue(resultSet.getColumnIndex('IDENTITY'));
         console.info(`id=${id}, name=${name}, age=${age}, salary=${salary}, identity=${identity}`);
       }
       // Release the data set memory.
       resultSet.close();
     })
   }
   ```

   > **NOTE**
   >
   > Use **close()** to close the **ResultSet** that is no longer used in a timely manner so that the memory allocated can be released.

5. Back up the database in the same directory. 

   Two backup modes are available: manual backup and automatic backup (available only for system applications). For details, see [Backing Up an RDB Store](data-backup-and-restore.md#backing-up-an-rdb store).

   Example: Perform manual backup of an RDB store.

   ```ts
   if (store !== undefined) {
     // Backup.db indicates the name of the database backup file. By default, it is in the same directory as the RdbStore file. You can also specify the directory, which is in the customDir + backup.db format.
     (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).backup("Backup.db", (err: BusinessError) => {
       if (err) {
         console.error(`Failed to backup RdbStore. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
         return;
       }
       console.info(`Succeeded in backing up RdbStore.`);
     })
   }
   ```

6. Restore data from the database backup. 

   You can restore an RDB store from the manual backup data or automatic backup data (available only for system applications). For details, see [Restoring RDB Store Data](data-backup-and-restore.md#restoring-rdb-store-data).

   Example: Call [restore](../reference/apis-arkdata/js-apis-data-relationalStore.md#restore) to restore an RDB store from the data that is manually backed up.

   ```ts
   if (store !== undefined) {
     (store as relationalStore.RdbStore).restore("Backup.db", (err: BusinessError) => {
       if (err) {
         console.error(`Failed to restore RdbStore. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
         return;
       }
       console.info(`Succeeded in restoring RdbStore.`);
     })
   }
   ```

7. Delete the RDB store.

   Use **deleteRdbStore()** to delete the RDB store and related database files. <br>Example:

   Stage model:

   ```ts
   relationalStore.deleteRdbStore(this.context, 'RdbTest.db', (err: BusinessError) => {
    if (err) {
       console.error(`Failed to delete RdbStore. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
       return;
     }
     console.info('Succeeded in deleting RdbStore.');
   });
   ```

   FA model:

   ```ts
   relationalStore.deleteRdbStore(context, 'RdbTest.db', (err: BusinessError) => {
     if (err) {
       console.error(`Failed to delete RdbStore. Code:${err.code}, message:${err.message}`);
       return;
     }
     console.info('Succeeded in deleting RdbStore.');
   });
   ```